{"id":9244,"date":"2026-06-15T12:18:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T06:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/?p=9244"},"modified":"2026-06-15T12:21:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T06:51:24","slug":"physics-working-model-for-class-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/physics-working-model-for-class-12\/","title":{"rendered":"Physics Working Model for Class 12: 130+ Project Ideas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"headline\":\"Physics Working Model for Class 12: 130+ Project Ideas\",\"description\":\"A complete list of 130+ physics working model ideas for class 12 students with short descriptions, difficulty levels, materials and tips for CBSE science exhibitions and practicals.\",\"about\":\"physics working model for class 12\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"image\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-hero.gif\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"1000 Science Fair Projects\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Science Fair Projects\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/logo.png\"}},\"mainEntityOfPage\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/physics-working-model-for-class-12\/\"},{\"@type\":\"HowTo\",\"name\":\"How to choose a physics working model for class 12\",\"step\":[{\"@type\":\"HowToStep\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Pick a chapter and concept\",\"text\":\"Choose a class 12 chapter you understand well, such as electromagnetic induction or ray optics.\"},{\"@type\":\"HowToStep\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Select a matching model\",\"text\":\"Pick a working model from the list that demonstrates that concept clearly and safely.\"},{\"@type\":\"HowToStep\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Gather the materials\",\"text\":\"Collect wire, magnets, batteries, LEDs, lenses or other parts listed for that model.\"},{\"@type\":\"HowToStep\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Assemble and test\",\"text\":\"Build the circuit or mechanism, then test it several times so it runs reliably.\"},{\"@type\":\"HowToStep\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Prepare the explanation\",\"text\":\"Write a short note linking the working to the physics law it demonstrates.\"}]},{\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the best physics working model for class 12?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The most reliable class 12 working models are the DC electric motor, the AC generator, the step up and step down transformer, the electromagnetic induction coil and the convex lens imaging setup, because they map directly to the CBSE syllabus and are easy to demonstrate live.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which class 12 physics models are easy to make at home?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Easy models include the LED resistor circuit, the lemon cell, the battery electromagnet, the simple periscope, the LDR night lamp and the iron filings field map. These need cheap materials and assemble in a single afternoon.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What materials are needed for a class 12 physics working model?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Common materials are insulated copper wire, a small dc motor or magnet, batteries, LEDs, resistors, a breadboard, a galvanometer, magnets, lenses or mirrors, a base board and basic hand tools.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I choose a working model for a science exhibition?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Pick a model that matches a chapter you understand, that runs reliably, that is safe to operate in front of judges and that you can explain with the underlying physics principle in one clear sentence.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Are these working models good for the CBSE practical exam?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. Most of these models reinforce the same concepts tested in the class 12 practical syllabus, such as Ohm's law, electromagnetic induction, rectification and image formation by lenses and mirrors.\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Tech\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Physics Working Model for Class 12\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/physics-working-model-for-class-12\/\"}]}]}<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; margin: 0 0 18px 0;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9245\" src=\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-hero.gif\" alt=\"Physics working model for class 12\" width=\"880\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"font-size: 30px; line-height: 1.25; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 6px 0 14px 0;\">Physics working model for class 12: 131+ best project ideas with descriptions<\/h1>\n<div style=\"background: #0f172a; border-left: 6px solid #00dcc8; border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 20px; margin: 0 0 22px 0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: #e2e8f0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6;\"><strong style=\"color: #00dcc8; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.4px;\">QUICK ANSWER<\/strong><br \/>\nA physics working model for class 12 is a hands on device that demonstrates one CBSE syllabus concept, such as the DC electric motor, the AC generator, the transformer, electromagnetic induction or image formation by a convex lens. The best models are easy to build, run reliably in front of judges and can be explained with a single physics law. This guide lists 131+ tested ideas grouped by chapter, each with a short description and a difficulty level.<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0 0 16px 0;\">Choosing the right working model decides how strong your science exhibition or practical file looks. A good class 12 model is not just colourful, it actually works and ties back to a clear principle from your NCERT syllabus. Below you will find ideas across every major chapter, from electrostatics and current electricity to optics, modern physics and semiconductor electronics. Each entry has a one line description so you can scan quickly, plus a difficulty badge so you can match the build to your time and skill.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f8fafc; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 12px; padding: 14px 18px; margin: 0 0 26px 0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #334155;\"><strong>Difficulty guide:<\/strong> \u00a0<span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span> build in an afternoon \u00a0 <span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span> a weekend project \u00a0 <span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span> needs care, time or supervision<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 8px 0 14px 0;\">Models by chapter at a glance<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; margin: 0 0 30px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #0f172a;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #f8fafc;\">Chapter<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center; padding: 12px 14px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #f8fafc;\">Models<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Electrostatics<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Current electricity<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490;\">18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Magnetism and magnetic effects of current<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c;\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Electromagnetic induction and alternating current<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c;\">19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Electromagnetic waves<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Ray optics and optical instruments<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8;\">19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Dual nature of radiation and matter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e;\">9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Atoms and nuclei<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #111827;\">Semiconductor electronics<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207;\">21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #6d28d9; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Electrostatics<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">13 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ede4fc; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #ede4fc;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #6d28d9;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #6d28d9;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #6d28d9;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #6d28d9;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Gold leaf electroscope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Detects static charge as two foil strips repel and diverge apart.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Mini Van de Graaff generator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Builds high static voltage that makes hair stand and sparks jump.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Capacitor charge store<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Charges a capacitor from a cell, then lights an LED on release.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Parallel plate capacitor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows how plate area and spacing change stored charge capacity.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electric field mapping board<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Maps invisible field lines around charges using grass seeds or filings.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Lightning discharge model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Recreates a spark jump to demonstrate dielectric breakdown of air.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Faraday cage shield<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Blocks electric fields so a phone inside loses its signal.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Coulomb torsion balance<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Demonstrates how force between charges falls with distance squared.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electrostatic precipitator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Cleans smoke by charging and trapping dust particles on a plate.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Charging by induction<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Separates charge in a neutral body without any direct contact.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electrophorus charge plate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Lifts charge again and again from one charged base plate.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f3effe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Static cling demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Charged balloon sticks to a wall and bends a water stream.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Leyden jar capacitor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An early jar style capacitor stores and releases a spark.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ede4fc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #0e7490; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Current electricity<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">18 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #cdeef5; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #cdeef5;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0e7490;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0e7490;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0e7490;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0e7490;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Wheatstone bridge<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Finds an unknown resistance by balancing four arms to zero current.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Potentiometer model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Measures emf and potential difference with no current drawn at balance.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Series vs parallel board<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Compares brightness of bulbs wired in series against parallel.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Ohm&#8217;s law verifier<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Plots voltage against current to prove the straight line relation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Metre bridge<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A practical Wheatstone bridge using a one metre resistance wire.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">LED resistor circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows why a current limiting resistor protects a tiny LED.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Thermistor heat sensor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Resistance drops as temperature rises to trigger a warning light.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Rheostat dimmer<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Slides a contact to vary resistance and dim a connected bulb.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Safety fuse model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A thin wire melts and breaks the circuit on overload current.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Lemon and potato cell<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Generates real voltage from fruit acid acting as an electrolyte.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Solar powered circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Drives a small motor or LED directly from a photovoltaic cell.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Kirchhoff&#8217;s law board<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Verifies that currents at a junction and loop voltages balance.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Multimeter demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Measures voltage, current and resistance across a live circuit.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Resistivity comparison<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Compares how copper, nichrome and carbon resist current flow.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Conductivity of liquids<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Tests salt water, sugar water and pure water for conduction.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Wheatstone strain gauge<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Detects tiny bending as a resistance change on the bridge.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Heating effect calorimeter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows how current heats a coil and raises water temperature.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 42px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Simple electroplating cell<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Coats a metal spoon with copper using current in solution.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeef5; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #b91c1c; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Magnetism and magnetic effects of current<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">20 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #f9d6d8; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #f9d6d8;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #b91c1c;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #b91c1c;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #b91c1c;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #b91c1c;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Battery electromagnet<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Wraps wire on an iron nail to lift paper clips when powered.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Solenoid field demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows the uniform magnetic field inside a current carrying coil.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">DC electric motor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Converts electrical energy into continuous spinning rotation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Iron filings field map<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Reveals the curved field pattern around a bar magnet.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Compass deflection<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A magnetised needle swings to show the direction of field.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Oersted&#8217;s experiment<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A compass deflects near a wire, proving current makes magnetism.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Maglev levitation track<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Opposing magnets float a small train car above the rail.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electromagnetic crane<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An electromagnet grabs and drops steel scrap on command.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Galvanometer model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A coil in a field rotates to detect tiny electric currents.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Moving coil meter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Turns current into a needle deflection on a marked scale.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Cyclotron model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows how charged particles spiral and speed up in a field.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Magnetic braking<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A spinning metal disc slows smoothly between magnet poles.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Tangent galvanometer<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Measures current using the tangent of a compass deflection angle.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Reed switch trigger<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A magnet snaps thin contacts together to close a circuit.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Loudspeaker model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A coil and magnet vibrate a cone to turn signals into sound.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Simple microphone<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Sound vibrations move a coil to generate a matching signal.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Homopolar motor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A single wire spins on a magnet and battery in seconds.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Magnetic levitation pen<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Ring magnets float a pencil steady in mid air.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Magnetic field gauss meter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A sensor reads field strength near different magnets.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 42px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electric bell<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An electromagnet repeatedly pulls a clapper to ring a gong.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f9d6d8; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure style=\"margin: 16px 0 8px 0; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9246\" src=\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-dc-motor.gif\" alt=\"Physics working model for class 12\" width=\"460\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #64748b; margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 560px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">DC electric motor in action: current in a coil placed in a magnetic field turns continuously, the core idea behind every class 12 motor model.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #c2410c; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Electromagnetic induction and alternating current<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">19 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #fbdcc6; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbdcc6;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #c2410c;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #c2410c;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #c2410c;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #c2410c;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">AC generator dynamo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A rotating coil in a magnet produces alternating voltage.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">DC generator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Uses a split ring commutator to deliver one direction output.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Step up step down transformer<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Two coils change voltage up or down through a shared core.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Faraday induction coil<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A moving magnet through a coil deflects a galvanometer needle.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Lenz law eddy pendulum<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A swinging metal plate stops fast due to induced eddy currents.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Wireless power transfer<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Lights an LED across an air gap using two coupled coils.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Induction heater model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Heats metal without flame using a high frequency coil field.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Mini Tesla coil<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Lights a bulb wirelessly with a high frequency resonant coil.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Mutual inductance demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows how current in one coil induces voltage in a second.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Bicycle dynamo lamp<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A wheel driven magnet generator powers a small headlamp.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Coil metal detector<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A buzzer sounds when metal upsets the coil oscillation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Wind turbine generator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Spinning blades turn a magnet rotor to charge a small load.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Hand crank generator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Turning a handle drives a coil to light LEDs by hand.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Hydro generator model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Falling water spins a turbine coupled to a tiny dynamo.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">AC induction motor<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A rotating field drags a rotor without any electrical contact.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Shake to charge torch<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shaking a magnet through a coil lights an LED torch.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Eddy current tube drop<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A magnet falls slowly through a copper pipe.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdf0e7;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Three phase model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows how three offset coils give smooth rotating power.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; width: 42px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Jacob&#8217;s ladder model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A rising arc climbs between two diverging electrodes.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fbdcc6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure style=\"margin: 16px 0 8px 0; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9247\" src=\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-induction.gif\" alt=\"Electromagnetic induction live\" width=\"460\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #64748b; margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 560px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">Electromagnetic induction live: a magnet moving through a coil swings the galvanometer needle, showing how relative motion creates an emf.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"margin: 16px 0 8px 0; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9248\" src=\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-ac-generator.gif\" alt=\"AC generator output\" width=\"460\" height=\"260\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #64748b; margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 560px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">AC generator output: a rotating coil produces a smooth sine wave of alternating voltage, the signature of every alternating current source.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #15803d; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Electromagnetic waves<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">6 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #d2efdb; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #d2efdb;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #15803d;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #15803d;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #15803d;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #15803d;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">EM spectrum chart<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A working board links each wave band to a real source.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #eaf7ee;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Infrared remote tester<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A camera reveals the invisible infrared pulse from a remote.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Ultraviolet bead detector<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Colour changing beads glow under hidden ultraviolet light.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #eaf7ee;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Antenna signal model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A simple antenna picks up and lights an LED from radio waves.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Microwave field demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows standing wave hot spots using a grid of indicators.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #eaf7ee;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Radio wave LED link<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Transmits a signal across a gap to flash a receiver LED.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d2efdb; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #1d4ed8; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Ray optics and optical instruments<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">19 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #d0ddfc; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #d0ddfc;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #1d4ed8;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #1d4ed8;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #1d4ed8;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #1d4ed8;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Convex lens imaging<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Forms real and magnified images on a screen at the focus.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Concave mirror model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Focuses parallel light rays to a single bright point.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Working periscope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Two angled mirrors let you see over a wall or barrier.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Pinhole camera<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A tiny hole projects an inverted image onto a back screen.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Optical fibre light pipe<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Guides light around bends by total internal reflection.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Total internal reflection<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows the critical angle that traps light inside water.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Prism dispersion rainbow<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Splits white light into the full spectrum of colours.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Human eye model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A lens and screen mimic focusing, near point and defects.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Refracting telescope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Two lenses bring distant objects close and clear.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Compound microscope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Two lenses magnify a tiny slide many times over.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Newton colour disc<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Spinning seven colours blends them back into white.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Laser tripwire alarm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A broken laser beam triggers a buzzer or alarm.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Kaleidoscope<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Angled mirrors create endless symmetric coloured patterns.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Water refraction demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A pencil appears bent where it enters the water surface.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Camera obscura box<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A dark box projects the outside scene upside down inside.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Magic mirror illusion<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A concave mirror floats a real image in open air.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Rainbow in a glass<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A water glass and torch cast a small indoor rainbow.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Light through gelatin<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A laser bends visibly while passing through a jelly block.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 42px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Spectroscope model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A grating splits a lamp into its line spectrum.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #d0ddfc; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure style=\"margin: 16px 0 8px 0; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9249\" src=\"https:\/\/1000sciencefairprojects.com\/tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/physics-class12-convex-lens.gif\" alt=\"Convex lens ray diagram\" width=\"460\" height=\"260\" \/><figcaption style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #64748b; margin-top: 8px; line-height: 1.5; max-width: 560px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">Convex lens ray diagram: parallel rays of light bend through the lens and meet at the focus, the basis of cameras, eyes and telescopes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #0f766e; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Dual nature of radiation and matter<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">9 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #cdeae6; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #cdeae6;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0f766e;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0f766e;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0f766e;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #0f766e;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Photoelectric effect demo<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Light knocks electrons off a metal to trip a sensor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f6f4;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Solar cell photoeffect<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Sunlight frees charges in silicon to drive a small motor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">LDR light circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Resistance falls in bright light to switch a lamp on.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f6f4;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Photodiode light meter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Converts light intensity into a readable current value.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">CRT electron beam<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A focused electron stream paints a glowing spot on screen.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f6f4;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Thermionic emission<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A heated filament releases electrons that complete a circuit.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Photocell street lamp<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A light sensor turns a lamp on automatically at dusk.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f6f4;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Electron diffraction concept<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A model shows electrons behaving as spreading waves.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f766e; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Laser photo gate counter<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Objects breaking a beam are counted automatically.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdeae6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #7e22ce; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Atoms and nuclei<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">6 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #e7d8f6; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #e7d8f6;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #7e22ce;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #7e22ce;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #7e22ce;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #7e22ce;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Bohr atom model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Electrons orbit a nucleus on fixed energy shells.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f4edfb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Fission chain reaction<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Mousetraps and balls model splitting nuclei spreading energy.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Geiger counter concept<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A clicking model shows how radiation pulses are counted.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f4edfb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Radioactive decay board<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Dice rolls model how unstable atoms decay over half lives.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Nuclear reactor model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Shows fuel, moderator and control rods managing a reaction.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f4edfb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #7e22ce; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Fusion energy model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Light nuclei join to release the energy that powers stars.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e7d8f6; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 0 0; background: #a16207; padding: 12px 18px; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0;\">Semiconductor electronics<span style=\"float: right; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; opacity: 0.85;\">21 models<\/span><\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #f6e7c2; border-top: none; margin: 0 0 6px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #f6e7c2;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #a16207;\">#<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #a16207;\">Working model<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: left; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #a16207;\">What it demonstrates<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 9px 14px; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #a16207;\">Level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">PN junction diode<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Lets current pass one way and blocks the reverse direction.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Half wave rectifier<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Converts AC into pulsed DC using a single diode.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Full wave rectifier<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Four diodes turn both AC halves into smoother DC.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Transistor as a switch<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A small base current switches a larger load on and off.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Logic gates board<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Demonstrates AND, OR and NOT outputs with LEDs.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Zener voltage regulator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Holds a steady output voltage despite input changes.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Automatic night lamp<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An LDR and transistor switch a light on after dark.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Water level indicator<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Probes light LEDs as a tank fills to each level.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Burglar alarm circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A broken contact sets off a loud buzzer instantly.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Touch sensor switch<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A finger tap toggles a load using a sensitive transistor.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Rain sensor alert<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Closing the gap with water raindrops triggers an alarm.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Smart traffic light<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Timed LEDs cycle through a working signal sequence.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Solar tracker<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An LDR pair turns a panel to follow the brightest light.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">FM radio receiver<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A simple tuned circuit picks up and plays a station.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Clap switch<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Sound from a clap toggles a lamp through a microphone.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">LED chaser circuit<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A row of LEDs light in sequence like running lights.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Temperature alarm<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A thermistor trips a buzzer when heat crosses a limit.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Dark detector<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A buzzer sounds the moment a sensor loses light.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #e3f4e8; color: #15803d; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Easy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Mobile call detector<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">An LED flickers when a phone nearby sends a signal.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fdf0db; color: #b45309; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Voltage doubler<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">Diodes and capacitors raise a low input voltage.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 42px;\">21<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #111827; width: 32%;\">Gas leak sensor model<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.55; color: #374151;\">A sensor lights an alarm when it detects test gas.<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f6e7c2; text-align: center; width: 90px;\"><span style=\"display: inline-block; padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 12px; background: #fbe4e6; color: #b91c1c; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\">Hard<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 34px 0 14px 0;\">Common materials you will need<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #e5e7eb; margin: 0 0 28px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #0f172a;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 11px 14px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #f8fafc;\">Category<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 11px 14px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: #f8fafc;\">Typical items<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #e6f7fb;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #0e7490; width: 130px;\">Electrical<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #374151; line-height: 1.55;\">Copper wire, batteries, LEDs, resistors, breadboard, switches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fdeced;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #b91c1c; width: 130px;\">Magnetic<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #374151; line-height: 1.55;\">Bar magnets, neodymium magnets, iron nails, iron filings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #e8eefe;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; width: 130px;\">Optical<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #374151; line-height: 1.55;\">Convex and concave lenses, plane mirrors, prism, laser pointer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fbf4e3;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #a16207; width: 130px;\">Mechanical<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #374151; line-height: 1.55;\">Cardboard or plywood base, glue, tape, small DC motor, axle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #eaf7ee;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; width: 130px;\">Measuring<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 11px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; color: #374151; line-height: 1.55;\">Galvanometer, multimeter, voltmeter, ammeter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 8px 0 14px 0;\">Tips to score full marks<\/h2>\n<div style=\"background: #eaf7ee; border-left: 6px solid #15803d; border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px 22px 10px 22px; margin: 0 0 30px 0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; color: #1f2937;\">\n<ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 9px 0; padding-left: 6px; line-height: 1.6;\">Match the model to a chapter you can explain clearly, not just one that looks flashy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 9px 0; padding-left: 6px; line-height: 1.6;\">Test the model many times before the exhibition so it never fails in front of judges.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 9px 0; padding-left: 6px; line-height: 1.6;\">Label every part and keep a one line physics principle ready for each model.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 9px 0; padding-left: 6px; line-height: 1.6;\">Keep wiring neat and use a fuse or resistor so nothing overheats.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 9px 0; padding-left: 6px; line-height: 1.6;\">For high voltage models like the Tesla coil, always work with adult supervision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 8px 0 16px 0;\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f1f5f9; padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;\">What is the best physics working model for class 12?<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: #374151;\">The most reliable class 12 working models are the DC electric motor, the AC generator, the step up and step down transformer, the electromagnetic induction coil and the convex lens imaging setup, because they map directly to the CBSE syllabus and are easy to demonstrate live.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f1f5f9; padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;\">Which class 12 physics models are easy to make at home?<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: #374151;\">Easy models include the LED resistor circuit, the lemon cell, the battery electromagnet, the simple periscope, the LDR night lamp and the iron filings field map. These need cheap materials and assemble in a single afternoon.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f1f5f9; padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;\">What materials are needed for a class 12 physics working model?<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: #374151;\">Common materials are insulated copper wire, a small dc motor or magnet, batteries, LEDs, resistors, a breadboard, a galvanometer, magnets, lenses or mirrors, a base board and basic hand tools.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f1f5f9; padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;\">How do I choose a working model for a science exhibition?<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: #374151;\">Pick a model that matches a chapter you understand, that runs reliably, that is safe to operate in front of judges and that you can explain with the underlying physics principle in one clear sentence.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 10px; margin: 0 0 12px 0; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f1f5f9; padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0f172a;\">Are these working models good for the CBSE practical exam?<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding: 13px 18px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: #374151;\">Yes. Most of these models reinforce the same concepts tested in the class 12 practical syllabus, such as Ohm&#8217;s law, electromagnetic induction, rectification and image formation by lenses and mirrors.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 23px; color: #0f172a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 800; margin: 30px 0 14px 0;\">Final word<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0 0 16px 0;\">With 131+ ideas across every class 12 chapter, you have more than enough to find a model that fits your interest, your budget and your time. Start with an easy build to gain confidence, then move to a medium or hard model if you want a standout exhibition piece. Whatever you choose, the secret is the same: build it well, test it often and be ready to explain the physics behind it in one clear sentence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; background: #fef9c3; border-radius: 10px; padding: 14px 18px; color: #374151; margin: 0 0 10px 0;\">Looking for more ideas? Browse hundreds of additional working models and science fair projects across physics, chemistry and biology on the rest of 1000 Science Fair Projects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physics working model for class 12: 131+ best project ideas with descriptions QUICK ANSWER A physics working model for class 12 is a hands on device that demonstrates one CBSE&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics-projects"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Physics Working Model for Class 12: 130+ Project Ideas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore 130+ physics working model for class 12 ideas with short descriptions, difficulty levels, materials and tips. 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